Prob o simpli lang da diversi europi langä: KLE2/NOV-EUROPIŠ
a)
Vowels
·
A like in “bad” [a]
·
E like in “men” [short e] - like in duck, madam on last
syllable
·
I like in “ship” [i]
·
O like in “pot” [open o]
·
U like in “too” [u]
·
Y like in German kühl, French rue
·
Ø (or OE) like in German können, French feu
·
Ä = accentuated E (present only on last syllable)
Diphthongs (combined
sounds):
o
Au [aw]
o Eu [e-w]
o Ou [ow]
o Ij [ai]
o Æ (or AE) : [ei]
b)
Consonants
·
B (be)
·
C (ce) – pronounced TS like
in “cats”
·
D (de)
·
F (ef)
·
G (ge) – always pronounced
like in “go” never like in “
·
H (ha)
·
J (je) – pronounced like a short “i”
like in German, Dutch, Swedish...
·
K (ka)
·
L (el)
·
M (em)
·
N (en)
·
P (pe)
·
R (er) - pronounced like in Italian or like Spanish
"J", German hard "CH".
·
S (es)
·
T (te)
·
V (ve) – like in English or French
·
W (we) – like in English (used very rarely)
·
X (ix) – ks (like in maximum)
·
Z (zet) – like in base
·
Č (can be replaced by CH) : pronounced TCH like in “Czech”
·
Ň
(can be replaced by NH) : like in Spanish “España”
·
Š (can be replaced by SH) : like in English “she”
·
Ž (can
be replaced by ZH): like in French “je”
NB: All words are
accentuated on the pre-last syllable.
a) Ordinary syntax is
similar to the English or French construction, i.e.: Location/Time =>
Subject => Verb => Complement.
b) Adjectives and
adverbs are normally located before the nouns and verbs they characterize.
c) If the normal syntax
is not respected, an accusative marker [-(e)n] is necessary before the
complement group.
ð E.g.:
The cat eats the mouse: Kat ed maus = mausen ed kat.
d) A normal sentence:
N’kin-mij n’Paris,
asoc pro komuni lang organizda e mit med al intrest personä. (On
May 5 in
Articles are used only if the meaning of the sentence may be ambiguous
without them.
-
DE = the – bears the declinations (cases) : the father's house = Dom paters / Dom des pater.
-
E = a/an - bears the declinations (cases) : the ball of a boy = bojs bal (bal bojs) / Bal es boj. - No plural.
-
Nouns have no specific ending but they often finish
in “-e”. The plural is showed by the accentuated ending –ä which is added to the noun or replaces a final vowel (or
the ä replaces the non-accentuated E on last
syllable).
o
Examples of the three groups:
§
Man (man) => Manä
§
Auto (car) => Autä
§
Næber (neighbour) => Næbrä
CASES
- Ending of nouns
Nominative: -- or –e. (PL= -ä)
Accusative= -(e)n [facultative] (PL= -än)
Genitive= - (e)s – (PL= äs)
Instrumental (per)= -(e)m – (PL= äm)
- Before nominal group
Attributive/Direction= t’
Situative (time/place)= n’
Examples:
Jer gdo
t’stad bijkem, morg kanjom gu t’park
Hier, je suis allé en ville à
vélo, demain nous pourrions aller au parc de Londres en voiture.
Ho big dom med tri bel
novi rumä. Ny sto n’dom
en te varto!
J’ai une grande maison avec
trois belles pièces nouvelles. Maintenant je suis à la maison et je t’attends.
-
Adjectives finish in “-i”, except basic ones
like bel, mik,
big...
o
More than = -or.. dan (I’m older than him = Sto oldor dan lo) - superlative -(e)st
o
Less than = min.. dan (He’s less old than me =
Sta min oldi
dan mi)
o
As.. as : zo.. lig
-
Adverbs also finish in “-i”(or by –el if one
wants to insist on the way something is done).
5. Numbers
1. Un ; 2. Du ; 3. Tri ; 4. Kar ; 5. Kin ; 6. Sij
; 7. Sep ; 8. Oč ; 9. Nuv
; 10. Dek (-an)
11. Unz ; 12. Duz ; 13. Triz
; 14. Karz ; 15. Kinz ; 16. Sijz
17. Deksep ; 18. Dekoč
; 19. Deknuv
20. Duan ; 45. Karan-sij ;
94. Nuvan-kar ; 578. Kincen-sepan-oe
; 5334 : Kinmil-tricen-trian-kar ...
Ordinal :
= number+ -I (adverb: -I or -EM : “secondly” : dui/duem)
Multiplication (double..) : -obli (duobli, triobli...)
Fractions: -TE (one third: trite ; adverbial -TI or -TEM ; ex: ”by
thirds” : tritem)
|
|
Subject (He) |
Object (Him) |
Destination (To him) |
Possessive (his) |
|
1S |
Mi (Ig) |
Me |
Mæ |
Mes |
|
2S* |
Tu / Ju |
Te /Je |
Tæ / Jæ |
Tes / Jes |
|
3S |
|
|
|
Los |
|
1P |
Wi |
We |
Wæ |
Wes |
|
2P |
Ju |
Je |
Jæ |
Jes |
|
3P |
Zi |
Ze |
Zæ |
Zes |
|
Réfléchi (se) |
Si |
Se |
Sæ |
Ses |
* Tu, te, tæ and tes are used for familiar
individuals (close friends, children, animals...)- The normal words are Ju, je, etc.
(Mi) me vašo (I wash myself) - (La) vida lon (she sees him) - La
le givda wæ (she
gave it to us)
(= la givda le wæ ;
le wæ givda...) –
objects are in principle before persons.
7. Conjugation
Examples with STU (to be), HU (to
have), and KOMU (to come)
|
|
General present |
Past: -D- (or -ed-) |
Future : -R- (or -er-) |
|
1S |
-O (sto, ho, komo) |
-DO (stedo, hedo, komdo) |
-RO (stro, hero, komro) |
|
2S-2P |
-(E)Š (steš, heš, komš) |
-DEŠ (stedeš,
hedeš, komdeš) |
-REŠ (streš,
hereš, komreš) |
|
3S |
-A (sta,
ha, koma) |
-DA (steda, heda, komda) |
-RA (stra,
hera, komra) |
|
1P |
-OM (stom,
hom, komom) |
-DOM (stedom,
hedom, komdom) |
-ROM (strom,
herom, komrom) |
|
3P |
-AM (stam,
ham, komam) |
-DAM (stedam,
hedam, komdam) |
-RAM (stram,
heram, komram) |
-
Infinitive
:
-U
-
present
participle (-ing) : -and
-
passive
and past participle (-ed) : -(a)t
-
Conditional (hypothesis) :
"-j-" before personal ending (e.g.: I would like to : voljo ; he would have liked to : voldja...)
-
Order/Wish : person (except
for 2S-2P) + "-U" (infinitive). E.g. : take it! : (tu) nimu le! - One has to do it!
: un le fasu! – Keep quiet ! : stu kalmi! - kalmizu! - te kalmivu!
– Have understanding! (tu) hu kapec!
-
Precise present tenses:
o
continuous
present: -andu
o
simple
present: -adu
§
I’m (in the
middle of) gardening: gardenando
§
This firm makes cars: ti firm fabrikada autä
- PASSIVE form: -S. I am known: Sto kent/Kenos. - He's been visited by his father. Steda vizitet/Vizitedas o ses pater.
-
Negative
sentences : Ne (or N' before a vowel)
o
Examples:
§
I don’t want to go to school: Ne vlo (gu) t’skol.
§
I wouldn’t like to be in winter: N’emjo stu n’vinter.
o
No double negation like there would be in Roman or Slavic languages!
§
E.g. There is nothing: Sta no / No sta (NOT: ne no sta)
o
Absolute negation (no, none, at all...) : ŇE – I don’t want to go
to Paris AT ALL: Ňe-vlo (gu) t’Paris or: vlo ňe t’Paris
o No more = nij (= ne
+ mij) - Nij-vlo
t’Paris (I don’t want to go to
=> Ňij vlo t’Paris (I don’t want to go to
-
NB: the verb “to be” (stu)
may be omitted when it is not necessary to understanding (like in Russian).
8. Prepositions
|
Group
1 y
(about) |
Group
2 per (by,
per, via, with, using the means of) |
|
Group
3 o (of -
belong) |
Group
4 a / n’
(on, at - static) |
|
Group 5 Tu / t’ (to - direction) |
Group 6 san
(without) |
9. Word derivations
|
Ending |
|
Beginning |
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-iv- -lek -le |
Which makes, -ifying Make, -ify Language Quality, -ity S.o. who does – actor (function, profession)… Derived (but further) partisan, professional little concrete thing, element... to become, to make oneself caressing ending for persons (affection) - iňo(M)/iňa(F) general diminutive familiar diminutive makes bigger (-issimo) shows an achieved action tool, instrument -ent (who/which is) (-ing) worth being ... human being, individual domain (subject, country...) |
de- ex- um- |
de-, divide, detach opposite, non-, in- re-, repetition after, behind beginning of a state (to start doing, to get doing...) "around" |
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